Vertical integration is a strategy where a company owns and controls multiple stages of their main value chain – in this case oil & gas exploration, extraction, refinement, distribution, retail sales, etc.

In contrast, horizontal expansion is a strategy of scaling by broadening operations across different regions or products, such as diversifying into other forms of energy and side products or expanding into multiple geographic markets

The “manosphere” refers to a loose online ecosystem centered on men’s issues, masculinity, and gender relations. A shared trait across many of these spaces is a belief that modern gender dynamics systematically disadvantage men, often paired with skepticism toward feminism and an emphasis on reclaiming traditional forms of masculinity.

For the purpose of this debate, token usage regulations refer to policies that limit how AI systems are used at the output-input level, including but not limited to caps on the number of tokens (units of text processed by models), quotas per user, and usage-based taxes. 

In contrast, data centre regulations refer to policies that target the physical AI-powering infrastructure, including but not limited to rules on energy efficiency, water usage, and the sourcing of electricity for servers.

Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK) is a nationwide, government-linked program that operates through local women’s groups at the neighborhood and village level. Its programs often promote traditional women’s roles as primary caregivers and managers of the household -- Examples include but not limited to: parenting education, household skill training, communal gathering, etc.